Monday, November 8, 2010

Oops; wrong smart guy

Galileo Galilei

After a little looking into it a bit further, it seems props have to go to Galileo Galilei before Leonardo
Da Vinci for working up a really robust 'dynamic' theory of how simple machines function. 

A few other related discoveries to add to the mix:
  • The Greek philosopher Archimedes first introduced the term 'Simple Machine.'
Archimedes

  • Archimedes understood there to be three simple machines: the lever, pulley, and screw.
  • He discovered the 'mechanical advantage' of the lever, but his understanding was limited to the static balance of forces and did not include the trade off between force and distance moved.
  • Galileo, however, was the first to understand that simple machines transformed energy rather than create it.

I was more familiar with Leonardo's extensions on these ideas, but also mistakenly thought him to be the author of these ideas.  Seems like credit needs first to go to Galileo & Archimedes.  Nice work, guys.

   
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References & Photo Credits:

Sunday, November 7, 2010

Domo Arigato, Mr. Leonardo… Musings on STEM, Robotics, and Simple Machines

This school year is my third working with Lego NXT Mindstorms robotics kits as a platform for teaching STEM (for those of you not in the know, it's an acronym for Science, Technology, Research & Mathematics).  I use these kits with my 8th graders, and together we have learned quite a bit with them.






I recently re-discovered the drawings of Leonardo Da Vinci - and took note of how many of the inventions, contraptions, and military devices he imagined and envisioned resembled the devices and inventions I encourage my own students to invent and create.  So I am taking a moment to consider takin' it back, way back, and incorporating some of Leonardo's scientific curiosity into my humble robotics class by way of infusing engineering with an engaging true history.


 I'm sure there are many possible approaches to doing this, but the one that strikes me is through an examination of simple machines.  To my memory, there are six devices that are included in the classic set of simple machines:

    1.    Lever
    2.    Wheel & Axle
    3.    Incline Plane
    4.    Screw
    5.    Wedge
    6.    Pulley

We have used most of these simple machines, both alone and in combination, in constructions we have already built, but I haven't called attention to them as such. 

What might I want my students to know and be able to do at the end of this enterprise? 

  1. Identify simple machines at work in the designed objects of their everyday lives.
  2. Build a basic working model of each simple machine using our existing Lego Mindstorms kits.
  3. Effectively choose a appropriate simple machine or combination of simple machines to complete a given task (e.g. move an object).
  4. Modify the construction of a given simple machine to affect it's efficiency & improve it's strength and quality.
Some of the things I feel I need to learn before I am ready to really roll this out include knowing:

  1. The terminology to express the various forces at work in the operation of a given simple machine.
  2. How to adjust the parameters of a given simple machine to adjust the quality of it's output.
While ambitious (at least for someone who naturally tends toward the humanities more than the sciences), I think this is exciting and fruitful interdisciplinary work that the kids may really dig, too. 

Anyone out there with a head for mechanical engineering who might want to weigh in?

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References & Photo Credits:

Friday, November 6, 2009

2020 vision

Who could have imagined even just ten years ago how much our world would change? Even three years ago was an entirely different reality.


The Greenland Ice-Sheet Breakup and Melt
While the scientific community and a handful of eco-activist types warned it would happen, the vast majority of earth’s human population never anticipated the rate with which ocean levels would rise once the Greenland Ice-Sheet broke off, broke up, and began to melt in late 2013 and early 2014. The 1.5 meters worldwide ocean levels rose in the first months of 2014 caused worldwide panic and havoc, and more than a few doomsday prophets. The crisis grew as the icebergs began to melt, raising ocean levels an additional 2.5 meters by the close of 2014.






In human terms, 2014 marked the year that nearly all of Amsterdam, Venice, Tripoli, Dakar, and Hong Kong; most of Caracas, Miami, Atlantic City & Barcelona; and portions of Beirut, Taipei and San Francisco became uninhabitable. 2014 was the beginning of a worldwide migration of more than 20 million. Governments around the world that were able to avoid declarations of martial law were nonetheless convulsed to the core.


2015 saw 2 more dreaded meters added to the greedy sea, and the subsequent fall of Rotterdam, Pisa, Odessa, Lagos, Cape Town, Dar Es Salaam, Cape Coral, St. Petersburg, representative government in Greece, Italy, and South Africa, and the two party system in the U.S.


Spring of 2016 gave 2.5 more meters, and took Mumbai, Ho Chi Minh City, Shanghai, Vancouver, and Buenos Aires, Fort Lauderdale, and 60 percent of the islands of Micronesia.


By the close of 2016, ocean levels were 7 meters higher than they were just three years earlier. What has come to be called the ‘highland migration;’ the insanely rapid movement of more than 93 million refugees worldwide in less than 1000 days has undoubtedly been the defining event not only of our time.


While corporate lawyers tried in vain to portray the loss of the Greenland Ice-Sheet as an unpredictable act of an angry God, the newly-formed Global Green Party gave voice to an enraged public, who overwhelmingly understood the loss to be directly linked to global warming and corresponding activities of corporate and institutional greed and waste. The backlash against institutions seen as ‘corporate polluters’ was violent and swift; with automakers and energy producers feeling the brunt of the vigilante ‘OVeR’ (Overdue Verdant Reply) attacks carried out by disturbingly sophisticated zealots. 



The Green party in the U.S. needed to control it’s violently radicalized members, or risk loosing it’s ascendency to one of the former great parties, the Democrats or Republicans, which continued to cull a few members from the tatters of their once strong base. A concerned and competent core of local and national leaders came to the fore, and reasserted rule of law, cut off the rabid vigilantes among their ranks, and consolidated power as a tough, no-nonsense party dedicated to the social welfare of all Americans and to environmentally restorative principals.

Even as societies and governments convulsed, neo-luddite tendencies were quelled in the vast majority of the population with the realization that while industrial technologies in the service of limitless capitalist greed caused the calamity in the first place; other technologies: networked, engineering, educational, and medical technologies were both a lifeline to millions, and the tenuous, tenacious threads upon which civil society precariously rested.


Lincoln-Saywire Virtual Middle School 
By 20th century standards our class of 120 would be enormous, but we’re fortunate to have two teachers for it. Lincoln-Saywire Virtual Middle School allows our students to login to class from any location at any time, which serves our dense and shifting population well. The online distribution and collection of assignments, together with grading algorithms are invaluable for managing workload, but the mandatory civil reconstruction corps apprenticeships (CiRCA) written into federal law last year go a long way to provide mentoring in the trades and plastic arts, while instilling a sense of civic duty and common purpose altogether absent from the youth of even just 6 or 7 years ago.

 The OLPAC Mark III



When OLPC (One Laptop Per Child) formed it’s OLPAC (One Laptop Per American Child) branch with federal support, all American children were promised to be equipped with simple, solar/handcrank laptops. They’ve begun to make good on their promise, but the backlog and need is enormous. Here at Lincoln-Saywire we’re fortunate enough to be fully stocked, with each of our 4,500 students in possession of an OLPAC Mark III tablet. It’s significantly less feature rich than the laptops of even just 5 years ago, but the reduction of bleeding edge features has allowed for the price point to fall below $40. And the basics it does provide, it does well, namely:
  1. Integrated speakers, webcam, mic & speakers
  2. Access to the GoogleSuite of business and creative tools (enabling word processing, database creation, spreadsheet production, multimedia presentations, image, audio and video capture and processing, and networked communications)
The Mark III is built to take abuse, and has a drop-rating of an amazing 20 feet. Innovation is not the hallmark of the Mark III, but durability and sustainability certainly is. In fact, it’s the first C2C (cradle to cradle) computer of it’s time; eschewing planned obsolescence, and designed to last 100 years.

Of course, none of this would matter without the internet, which has made it through these years of rapid change, and in fact, whose decentralized model has inspired other design projects of the Highland Migration. CiRCA continues to reinforce IT infrastructure with it’s project to convert rural U.S. post-offices to Wi Fi Max base stations, which is invaluable for connectivity saturation. In fact, it’s the ubiquitous availability of internet connectivity that permits virtual schools like ours to exist, with in the field learning occurring anywhere the student happens to be. As brick and mortar classrooms literally and figuratively disintegrated, virtual schools like ours have formed to address the changed realities of our time.


At Lincoln-Saywire we are proud to be a part of the growing Media Literacy movement, and expect our students to graduate with a comprehensive understanding not only of traditional language arts, but also visual and moving image literacy, interpretation, and development, and historical and contemporary methods of cross marketing and youth marketing. Students especially like using the media equipment – the mics, video and still cameras in their Mark III tablets to compose their work and responses. Our ‘citizen journalism’ class is a particularly proud curricular achievement.


All in all, it’s been a rough 7 years. Rough on all of us. And it’s likely to stay rough for the foreseeable future – certainly for our lifetimes. But it hasn’t been the end of the world, or even the end of civilization, although it has looked and felt like it at times. Our role as educators is more important than ever before, in sustaining and growing young minds and keeping the kindled flame of hope alive.
References:




Thursday, November 5, 2009

Free & Open Web App



Evernote - online personal organizer

I use Evernote personally, and would recommend it to students and colleagues alike. 

Evernote allows one to store 'notes' - little text files - online.  Easily accessible from home, work & cell phone.  Notes can be tagged and categorized for easy sorting.  In addition to text files, one can also record audio notes, or take photo notes with the camera on your cellphone.  What's more, Evernote has OCR built in, so a snapshot note can be searched as text just like any other text note.  All free.

For teachers, it's an extraordinary organizing tool - recording and categorizing the many tasks one has to manage and plan throughout the day.

For students it can serve a similar purpose, as a place to stow reminders on what to bring to school the following day, hints or tips on solving a particular math problem, or even a record of the current working draft of a writing piece.

Wednesday, October 28, 2009

Paperless Classes



Considering a 'paperless' class like the one described in the General studies program Columbia University is intriguing.

I already work to make much of my class paperless: I use the network to distribute lessons and materials, and also to collect assignments; however currently students save their work to a shared drive where all users have full read and write access.  There have been problems with inadvertent deletions, and occasionally plagiarism.  We are looking at a solution like saywire to provide drop-box like features for each student to securely submit their work.

Marc Meyer at Columbia says that the paperless classroom he's got going helps students "develop an emotional attachment to the work."  I see similar things in my classroom, but am wary; I think the technology could also work to decrease emotional attachment to what is being studied if not employed in a thoughtful, student-centered manner.  The technology alone does not foster emotional attachment to any given material - a well-crafted lesson (using technology or not) does.

Big Shifts

I'd like to take a moment to reflect on one of the 'big shifts' suggested by the emergence of web2.0 technologies and their ramifications for classroom practice.  The notion that schools (or really any traditionally structured, hierarchical institution) no longer 'own' knowledge to be parceled out to students is hugely transformative to the nature of what transpires in the classroom.

In a collectively-negotiated environment, knowledge becomes democratized.  And democracy has always been a loud and messy process.  Our old bastions of certainty are eroding, and it behooves us to shift our weight to a new platform, to a new paradigm, lest we erode along with them.  But it's no small thing to shift a paradigm; it happens in fits and starts and not all at once.  What fascinating times we live in!

Thursday, October 22, 2009

Videoconferencing in the Classroom


While I haven't used Skype professionally yet, I suspect I will soon. I already use it fairly extensively for personal communication, and am part of the tech team at our school testing the functionality and practicality of a new Polycom videoconferencing lab. I believe that while it uses Internet2 instead of ISDN, a Skype connection can be made with the unit.
I'm exploring the resources at CILC and MAGPI  to arrange a visit with a classroom of 4th graders in another country. Language, time zone, and school bell schedule considerations are some things to account for, Along for back up plans if the connection should drop. I suspect that the work I've done in the past with bringing in guest speakers, and having students prepare questions for them will transfer into this activity.  Extensive pre-visit planning is part of this, too: I plan on having my students ready with a set of questions they have generated, be well-versed on basic background and cultural expectations of the other country (and be on their best behavior!) for the event.
I hope that by using this technology, I'll acheive greater relevance, to foster an appreciation for cultural differences, and hit on the NETS standards, particularly 2A & 2C:


Communication and Collaboration
Students use digital media and environments to communicate and work collaboratively, including at a distance, to support individual learning and contribute to the learning of others. Students:



a. interact, collaborate, and publish with peers, experts, or others employing a variety of digital environments and media.


c. develop cultural understanding and global awareness by engaging with learners of other cultures.

Responding to Connectivism: Theories of Learning in a Digitally Mediated Age

 

How do theories of learning address or answer key questions of the digital age?
  1. How are learning theories impacted when knowledge is no longer acquired in the linear manner?
  2. What adjustments need to made with learning theories when technology performs many of the cognitive operations previously performed by learners (information storage and retrieval).
  3. How can we continue to stay current in a rapidly evolving information ecology?
  4. How do learning theories address moments where performance is needed in the absence of complete understanding?
  5. What is the impact of networks and complexity theories on learning?
  6. What is the impact of chaos as a complex pattern recognition process on learning?
  7. With increased recognition of interconnections in differing fields of knowledge, how are systems and ecology theories perceived in light of learning tasks?
George Seimens, in his 2004 article Connectivism: A Learning Theory for the Digital Age, proposes a theory of learning which acknowledges and incorporates the realities of a deeply mediated and digitally networked culture. 



In it, he states that the existing theories of learning, including Behaviorism, Cognitivism, & Constructivism are all ill equiped to address the changed learning landscape.

The natural attempt of theorists is to continue to revise and evolve theories as conditions change. At some point, however, the underlying conditions have altered so significantly, that further modification is no longer sensible. An entirely new approach is needed.1
There are many interesting and engaging elements to his theory, but the one I'd like to reflect briefly on here is his premise that learning now sometimes resides outside of human beings; for instance, computers frequently do the work of information storage and retrieval, tasks formerly only possible by a human learner.
There is a counterargument that this type of learning and data storage is nothing new, indeed, it's been true for as long as books and the wirtten word have been part of the human toolkit.

But it is interesting to explore the idea that the vehicle of data storage may not simply hold the data, nor retreive it on command, but perform a rudimentary type of learning itself.  This begins to enter the realm of artificial intelligence.  It is as if a book didn't just hold data, but held it and learned it.  Itself. 

I agree with my colleagues that Connectivism is in fact a leaning theory, and not a pedagogy.  Non-human learning is a thrilling topic to explore, and I'm grateful for Seimens' insights into these areas.

Saturday, October 17, 2009

Podcasting in the Classroom

I've begun looking into the prospect of using podcasting & vodcasting in the classroom.  There are any number of excellent uses for these technologies, and I'd like to highlight one such use.




Students at Woodlands Academy in Castle Rock, Colorado use podcasting to produce 'Owl Bytes'; a weekly student-produced show chronicling the history of technology.


It's actually more of a video podcast, or vodcast, because it displays images and links in sync with the audio narrative that plays.  It demonstrates student ownership over a project, and could obviously be extrapolated into other areas. 

I chose this podcast because it focused on technology, and I am the technology education teacher at our school.  I am considering using this podcast in my classroom to introduce my students to the idea of student-generated content in podcasts, and also to suggest the serial format as one that we can also employ - episodes in a series, rather than one huge master work.

I learned a thing or two about the history of technology from this podcast, and comment both the teacher and students on a job well done!